THE LABOR PARADOX: SELF-STIGMA, SELF-ESTEEM, AND PERCEIVED FUNCTIONING AS CRUCIAL FACTORS FOR INDIVIDUALS WITH SCHIZOPHRENIA
Abstract
This abstract delves into the multifaceted domain of mental illness, a term encompassing a spectrum of symptoms that impede various facets of cognition, emotion, communication, and behavior, thereby affecting the overall functioning and assessment of individuals. Notably, the exploration focuses on schizophrenia, a profound and severe mental disorder notorious for its significant impact on self-esteem and the subsequent emergence of self-stigmatization. Mental illness, a broad umbrella term, encapsulates a diverse array of symptoms that span disruptions in thinking, feeling, interpersonal communication, and behavioral patterns. These manifestations collectively pose challenges in the comprehensive evaluation of an individual's capabilities. The narrative emphasizes the complex interplay between symptoms and the subjective assessment of the afflicted individuals, highlighting the intricate nature of mental health disorders. Within the spectrum of mental illnesses, schizophrenia emerges as a formidable adversary, presenting profound challenges to those affected. The ensuing reduction in self-esteem becomes a pivotal focal point, shaping the lens through which individuals perceive their own abilities. This diminished self-esteem, in turn, lays the groundwork for self-stigmatization—a phenomenon where individuals internalize societal stereotypes and attach negative perceptions to themselves. The abstract underscores the unique impact of schizophrenia on selfesteem, shedding light on how the disorder imposes limitations on individuals' self-assessment. By closely examining the nexus between symptoms, self-esteem, and self-stigmatization, the narrative aims to contribute to a nuanced understanding of the intricate psychological dynamics inherent in serious mental illnesses.
Keywords:
Mental Illness, Schizophrenia, Self-Esteem, Self-Stigmatization, Psychological DynamicsDownloads
Published
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10571919%20Issue
Section
How to Cite
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Maria Eleftheriou Tzanakis, Nikolaos Georgiou Papadopoulos , Melina Vassiliki Papadaki
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
References
Baldwin, M., Marcus, S. (2007). Labor market outcomes of persons with mental disorders. Ind Relat. A. J. Econ. Soc. 46(3), 481-510.
Blajeski, S., Klodnick, V., Caruso, N., Sale, T. (2021). How early stigmatizing experiences, peer connections, and peer spaces influenced pathways to employment after the first episode of psychosis. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 32(2), 95-104.
Britten, N. (1995). Qualitative research: qualitative interviews in medical research. British Medical Journal, 311(6999), 251-253.
Burgess, R. (1980). Field research: A sourcebook and field manual. London: Allen and Unwin.
Bustillo, J., Lauriello, J., Horan, W., Keith, S. (2001). The psychosocial treatment of schizophrenia: An update. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 158(2), 163-175.
Cavelti, M., Kvrgic, S., Beck, E., Rusch, N., Vauth, R. (2012). Self-stigma and its relationship with insight, demoralization, and clinical outcome among people with schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 53 (5), 468- 479.
Cook, J. & Razzano, L. (2000). Vocal rehabilitation for persons with schizophrenia: Recent research and implications for practice. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 26(1), 87-103.
Cook, J. (2006). Employment barriers for persons with psychiatric disabilities: Update of reports for the President’s commission. Psychiatric Serv, 57(10), 1391-1405.
Corrigan, P.W. & Watson, A.C. (2002). The paradox of self-stigma and mental illness. Clinical Psychology: science and practice, 9, 35- 53.
Corrigan, P. (2003). Perceptions of discrimination among persons with serious mental illness. Psychiatr. Serv. 54(8), 1105-1110.
Corrigan, P., Watson, A., Barr, L. (2006). The self-stigma of mental illness: Implications for self-esteem and selfefficacy. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 25(9), 875-884.
Corrigan, P.W. & Rao, D. (2012). On the self-stigma of Mental Illness: Stages, Disclosure, and strategies for change. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 57 (8), 464- 469.
Creswell, J. (2011). Educational research: planning, conducting, and evaluating quantitative and qualitative research. Pearson Education.
Dovidio, J.F., Major, B. & Crocker, J. (2000). Stigma: Introduction and overview. In T.F. Heatherton, R.E. Cleck, M.R. Hebl, J.G. Hull (Eds.), The social psychology of stigma. New York: Guilford Press.
Feldhaus, T., Falke, S., Gruchalla, L., Maisch, B., Uhlmann, C., Bock, E., Lancer, R. (2018). The impact of selfstigmatization on medication attitude in schizophrenia patients. Psychiatry Research, 261, 391-399.
Fung, K., & Tsang, H, Corrigan, P. (2008). Self-stigma of people with schizophrenia as a predictor of their adherence to psychosocial treatment. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 32(2), 95-104.
Gibson, D. (2004). Role models in career development: New direction in theory and research. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 65(1), 134-156.
Goffman, E. (1963). Stigma: Notes on the management of spoiled identity. England: Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Good, C., Dweck, C., Aronson, J. (2007). Social identity, stereotype threats, and self-theories in Contesting stereotypes and creating identities (Ed. Fuligni A.). Russell Sage Foundation: New York.
Hebl, M., Tickle, J., Heatherton, T. (2000). Awkward moments in interactions between non-stigmatized and stigmatized individuals. In: Heatherton, T., Kleck, R., Hebl, M., Hull, J. (Eds.), The Social Psychology of stigma. New York: Guilford.
Hipes, C., Lucas, J., Phelan, J., White, R. (2016). The stigma of mental illness in the labor market. Social Science Research, 56, 16-25.
Jesse, O., LeKeldrick, T., Rodolfa, E. (2013). Stigma for seeking therapy: Self-stigma, social stigma and therapeutic process. The Counseling Psychologist, 41(6), 857-880.
Karydi, M.V., Stefanis, C., Theleritis, C., Tzedaki, M., Rabavilas, A., Stefanis, N. (2010). Perceived social stigma, self-concept, and self-stigmatization of the patient with schizophrenia. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 51, 1930.
Krupa, T., Chen, S. Carter, G. (2015). Serious mental illness, vocational rehabilitation, and employment in Handbook of Vocational Rehabilitation and Disability Evaluation (Eds Gatchel, R. & Schultz, I.), Springer.
Kvale, S. (1983). The qualitative research interview: A phenomenological and a hermeneutical mode of understanding. Journal of phenomenological psychology,14, 71-196.
Link, B. (1982). Mental patient status, work, and income: An examination of the effects of a psychiatric label. American Sociological Review, 47 (2), 202-215.
Link, G. (1987). Understanding labeling effects in the area of mental disorders: An assessment of the effects of expectations of rejection. American Sociological Review, 52(1), 96-112.
Link, B.G., Cullen, F.T., Frank, J. & Wozniak, J.F. (1987). The social rejection of former mental patients: Understanding why labels matter. American Journal of Sociology, 92, 1461- 1500.
Link, B.G., Struening, E.L., Neese- Todd, S., Asmussen, S. & Phelan, J. (2001). Stigma as a barrier to recovery: The consequences of stigma for the self-esteem of people with mental illness. Psychiatric services, 52 (12), 1621- 1626.
Link, B.G., Cullen, F. & Struening, E. (1989). A modified labeling theory approach to mental disorders: An empirical assessment. American Sociological Review, 54 (3), 400- 423.
Lopez-Munoz, F., Alamo, C., Cuenca, E., Shen, W., Clevoy, P., Rubio, G. (2005). History of the discovery and clinical introduction of chlorpromazine. Annals of Clinical Psychiatry, 17(3), 113-135.
Lysaker, P., Yanos, P., Outcalt, J., Roe, D. (2010). Association of stigma, self-esteem, and symptom with a concurrent and prospective assessment of social anxiety in schizophrenia. Clin SchizophrRelat Psychoses, 4(1), 41-48.
Madianos, M., Madianou, D., Vlachonikolis, J., Stefanis, C. (1987) Attitudes towards mental illness in the Athens area: Implications for community mental health intervention, Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 75, 158- 185.
Mechanic, D., McAlpine, D., Rosenfield, S., Davis, D. (1994). Effects of illness attribution and depression on the quality of life among persons with serious mental illness. Social Science and Medicine, 39(2), 155-164.
Mustafa, Y. (2021). Psychosocial rehabilitation interventions in the treatment of schizophrenia and bipolar depression. Arch Neuropsychiatry, 58 (1), S77-S82.
Page, S. (1977). Effects of mental illness label in attempts to obtain accommodation. Canadian Journal of Behavioral Science, 9, 85-90. Ritsher, J. and Phelan, J. (2004). Internalized stigma predicts erosion of morale among psychiatric outpatients. Psychiatry Res., 129, 257-265.
Sartorious, N. & Schulze, H. (2005). Reducing the stigma of mental illness. New York: Cambridge University Press. Silverman, D. (2006). Interpreting qualitative data (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Sirey, J., Bruce, A., Alexopoulos, G., Perlick, D., Friedman, S., Mayers, B. (2001). Stigma as a barrier to recovery: Perceived stigma and patient-rated severity of illness as predictors of antidepressant drug adherence. Psychiatr. Serv. 52, 1615-1620.
Stuart, H. (2004). Stigma and work. Healthcare Papers, 5 (2), 100-111.
Tzanakis, M. (2022). The Concept of Ulysses as An Understanding Form of Mental Illness in Individualized Societies: Testimonies in the Greek Post-Asylum Era. Psychology and Behavioral Sciences International Journal, 20(1), 556029.
Turner, R. (1981). Social support as a contingency in psychological well-being. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 22, 357-367.
Wexler, B., & Bell, M. (2005). Cognitive remediation and vocational rehabilitation for schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 31(4), 931-941.
Wrigley, S., Jackson, H., Judd, F. & Komiti, A. (2005). Role of stigma and attitudes toward help-seeking from a general practitioner for mental health problems in a rural town. Aust NZ J Psychiatry, 39, 514- 521.
Yanos, P., Roe, D., Lysaker, P. (2010). The impact of mental identity on recovery of severe mental illness. American Journal of Psychiatric Rehabilitation, 13(2), 73-93.
