Academic Journal of Psychology and Education (AJPE)

NAVIGATING THE PANDEMIC: AN IN-DEPTH STUDY OF EMOTIONAL RESPONSES TO COVID-19

Authors

  • Mwangi Grace Samuel Psychology Department, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya

Abstract

The COVID-19 pandemic, which emerged in late 2019, has had profound global impacts, with significant mortality rates reported in various countries. Health care providers and frontline workers are at increased risk of infection due to direct contact with patients, necessitating strict precautions, including the use of personal protective equipment (PPE). These measures have extended to the general population, causing social discomfort and stress. This study examines the emotional responses and psychological impacts of COVID-19, highlighting the challenges faced by individuals in adhering to protective measures and the associated stress.

Keywords:

COVID-19, pandemic, personal protective equipment, emotional responses, stress

Downloads

Published

2024-04-08

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10944953

Issue

Vol. 14 No. 12 (2023): December

Section

Articles

How to Cite

Mwangi, G. S. (2024). NAVIGATING THE PANDEMIC: AN IN-DEPTH STUDY OF EMOTIONAL RESPONSES TO COVID-19. Academic Journal of Psychology and Education (AJPE), 14(12), 146–163. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10944953

License

Copyright (c) 2023 Mwangi Grace Samuel

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

References

American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder, DSM-5. American Psychiatric Association.

Barua, A. (2015). Husserl, Heidegger, and the transcendental dimension of phenomenology. Indo-Pacific Journal of Phenomenology, 7, 1: 1 - 10.

Barlow, D. H. (2002). Anxiety and its disorders: the nature and treatment of anxiety and panic. New York: Guilford Press.

Cabanac, M. (2002). What Is Emotion? Behavioural Processes, 60, 2: 69 – 84.

Cannon, W. B. (1927). The James-Lange theory of emotions: a critical examination and an alternation. American Journal of Psychology, 39: 106 - 124.

Cauchemez, S., Valleron, A. J., Boe¨lle, P. Y., et al. (2008). Estimating the impact of school closure on influenza transmission from Sentinel data. Nature, 452: 750 - 754.

Cisler, J. M., Olatunji, B. O., Feldner, M. T., & Forsyth, J. P. (2016). Emotion Regulation and the Anxiety Disorders: An Integrative Review, Journal of Psychopathological Behavioral Assessment, 32, 1: 68 - 82.

Derryberry, D. (1991). The Immediate Effects of Positive and Negative Feedback Signals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 6, 1:267 - 278.

Marcus, G. E., & Mackuen, M. B. (1993). Anxiety, Enthusiasm, and the Vote: The Emotional Underpinnings of Learning and Involvement During Presidential Campaigns, American Political Science Review, 83, 3: 672 – 685.

Doron, J., & Martinent, G. (2016). Appraisal, coping, emotion and performance during elite fencing matches: A random coefficient regression model approach. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports, 27, 1015 - 1025.

Eccles, J. C. (1989). Evolution of the Brain: Creation of the Self. London: Routledge.

Ekman, P., & Davidson, R. J. (Eds.). (1994). The Nature of Emotion: Fundamental Questions. New York: Oxford University Press.

Finlay, L. (2011). Phenomenology for psychotherapists: researching the lived world. Wiley-Blackwell, USA.

Fonberg, E. (1986). „Amygdala, Emotions, Motivation, and Depressive States." In Emotion: Theory, Research and Experience. Plutchik, R., & Kellerman, H. (Ed.). London: Academic.

Gift, T. L., Palekar, R. S., Sodha, S. V., et al. (2010). Household effects of school closure during pandemic (H1N1) 2009, Pennsylvania, USA. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 16, 8: 1315 - 1317.

Gray, J. A. (1981). „The Psychophysiology of Anxiety.‟ In Dimensions of Personality. Lynn, R. (Ed.). New York: Pergamon.

Gray, J. A. (1987). The Psychology of Fear and Stress. (2nd Ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Griffiths, P. E. (1997). What Emotions Really Are. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.

Henriksson, C., Friesen, N., & Saevi, T. (2012). Hermeneutic phenomenology in education: method and practice. Sense Publishers, Netherlands.

Kafle, N. P. (2011). Hermeneutic phenomenological research method simplified. Bodhi: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 5: 181 - 200.

Kleinginna P. R., & Kleinginna A. M. (1981). A categorized list of emotion definitions, with suggestions for a consensual definition. Motivation and Emotion. 5: 345 - 379.

Lazarus, R. S. (1991). Emotion and Adaptation. Oxford, Oxford University Press.

Laverty, S. M. (2003). Hermeneutic phenomenology and phenomenology: a comparison of historical and methodological considerations. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 2: 1 - 29.

Mair, S. (2020). What will the world be like after coronavirus? Four possible futures.The Conversation. https://theconversation.com/what-will-the-world-be-like-after-coronavirus-four-possible-futures-134085, downloaded on 27th April 2020.

Mordka, C. (2016). What are Emotions? Structure and Function of Emotions. Studia Humana, 5: 3, 29

Moustakas, C. E. (1994). Phenomenological research methods. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Mizumoto, K., Yamamoto, T., & Nishiura, H. (2013). Research Report Contact behaviour of children and parental employment behaviour during school closures against the pandemic influenza A (H1N1-2009) in Japan. Journal of International Medical Research, 41: 3, 716 - 724.

Neubauer, B. E., Witkp, C. T. & Varpio, L. (2019). How phenomenology can help us learn from the experiences of others. Perspectives of Medical Education, 8: 2: 90 - 97.

Oatley, K., & Duncan, E. (1994). The experience of emotions in everyday life. Cognition and Emotion, 8, 369 - 381.

Oatley, K., & Johnson-Laird, P. N. (1987). Towards a cognitive theory of emotions. Cognition and Emotion, 1, 1: 29 - 50.

Oatley, K., Keltner, D., & Jenkins, J. M. (2006). Understanding emotions. Wiley-Blackwell.

Öhman, A. (2000). Fear and anxiety: evolutionary, cognitive, and clinical perspectives. In: Lewis, M., & HavilandJones, J. M. (Eds.). Handbook of Emotions. New York: Guilford Press, pgs. 573 - 593.

Öhman, A., & Mineka, S. (2001). Fears, phobias, and preparedness: toward an evolved module of fear and fear learning. Psychological Review, 108: 483 - 522.

Pratto, F., & Oliver, P. J. (1991). Automatic Vigilance: The Attention-grabbing Power of Negative Social Information. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61:380 - 391.

Roy,D., Tripathya, S., Kara, S. K., Sharmaa, N., Vermaa, S. K.,&Kaushalb, V. (2020). Study of knowledge, attitude, anxiety & perceived mental healthcare need inIndian population during COVID-19 pandemic. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 51, 1 – 7.

Schaller, M. (2011,March 30). The behavioural immune system and thepsychology of human sociality. Philosophical Transactions Of The Royal Society, 366, 3418 - 3426.

Smith, J. A., Flower, P., & Larkin, M. (2009).Interpretative phenomenological analysis: theory, method and research. Sage.

Smith, C. A., & Lazarus, R. S. (1990). Emotion and adaptation. In Pervin, L. A.(Ed.). Handbook of Personality: Theory and Research. New York: Guilford (p.609 - 637).

Spinelli, E. (2005). The interpreted world: an introduction to phenomenological psychology. Sage.

Tabari, P., Amini, M., Moghadami, M., & Moosavi, M. (2020). International Public Health Responses to COVID19 Outbreak: A Rapid Review. Iranian Journal of Medical Sciences, 45, 3: 157 - 169.

Teherani, A., Martimianakis, T., Stenfors-Hayes, T., Wadhwa, A., & Varpio, L. (2015). Choosing a qualitative research approach. Journal of Graduate Medical Education, 7, 4: 669 - 670.

Tuffour, I. (2017). A critical overview of interpretative phenomenological analysis: A contemporary qualitative research approach. Journal of Healthcare Communications, 2 4: (52):1 - 5.

Vagle, M. (2018). Crafting phenomenological research. London and New York: Routledge Taylor and Francis Group.

Van Manen, M. (1997). Researching lived experience: human science for an action sensitive pedagogy. London and New York: Routledge Taylor and Francis Group.

Van Manen, M. (2014). Phenomenology of practice: Meaning-giving methods in phenomenological research and writing. Walnut Creek, CA: Left Coast Press.

Wagstaff, K. (2014). Emotion regulation and sport performance. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 36, 401 - 412.

Wango, G. M., Wairire, G., & Kimamo, C. (2020). Patterns of Development of COVID-19 in Low- and Middle-

Income Countries: Suggested Psychological Intervention Strategies.IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 25, 6: 52 - 65.

Wertz, F. J. (2015). Phenomenology: Methods, historical developments, and applications in psychology. In Sugarman, M. J., & Slaney, K. L. (Eds.), The Wiley handbook of theoretical and philosophical psychology: Methods, approaches, and new directions for social sciences. London: Wiley-Blackwell, (pp. 85 - 101).

White, P. J., Marston, H. R., Shore, L., & Turner, R. (2020). Learning from COVID-19: Design, Age-friendly Technology, Hacking and Mental Models. Emerald Open Research. 2. 21: 1 - 11.

World Health Organization (2020a). Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Situation Report – 76, Dated 5th April 2020. World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situationreports/20200405-sitrep-76-covid-19.pdf?sfvrsn=6ecf0977_2, downloaded on 8th April 2020.

World Health Organization (2020b). Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Situation Report – 77, Dated 6th April 2020. World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situationreports/20200406-sitrep-77-covid-19.pdf?sfvrsn=21d1e632_2, downloaded on 8th April 2020.

World Health Organization (2020c). Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Situation Report – 79, Dated 8th April 2020. World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situationreports/20200408-sitrep-79-covid-19.pdf?sfvrsn=4796b143_4, downloaded on 11th April 2020.

World Health Organization (2020d). Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Situation Report – 80, Dated 9th April 2020. World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situationreports/20200409-sitrep-80-covid-19.pdf?sfvrsn=1b685d64_2, downloaded on 12th April 2020.

World Health Organization (2020e). Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Situation Report – 97, Dated 26th April 2020. https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200426-sitrep-97-covid19.pdf?sfvrsn=d1c3e800_6, downloaded on 30th April 2020.

World Health Organization (2020f). Mental health and psychosocial considerations during the COVID-19 outbreak, https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/mental-health-considerations.pdf, downloaded on 12th May 2020.

Wu, J. T., Cowling, B. J., Lau, E. H., et al. (2010). School closure and mitigation of pandemic (H1N1) 2009, Hong Kong. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 16, 3: 538 - 541.