THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF INCONCLUSIVE ELECTIONS IN NIGERIA’S FOURTH REPUBLIC

Abstract

This paper explores the political economy of inconclusive elections in Nigeria’s Fourth Republic, focusing on the causes, consequences, and institutional challenges that contribute to the persistence of such electoral outcomes. Inconclusive elections, where no candidate secures a clear majority or results are postponed due to logistical or legal issues, have become a recurring feature in Nigeria’s electoral landscape. Through a multidisciplinary lens, this paper examines how these inconclusive results reflect deeper issues in Nigeria’s electoral system, such as inadequate election management, weak political institutions, and systemic corruption. This study argues that the frequent occurrence of inconclusive elections is not just a technical problem but also a manifestation of the underlying power struggles between political elites, the manipulation of electoral processes, and the role of the state in mediating political conflicts. This paper highlights how political actors exploit legal and procedural loopholes to contest election results, delay electoral disputes, and undermine the credibility of the democratic process. The role of the Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC) and the judiciary in managing election disputes is critically assessed, demonstrating how institutional weaknesses and external pressures contribute to delays and inconclusiveness. Additionally, this paper explores the broader political economy of inconclusive elections, emphasizing how electoral uncertainties affect governance, economic stability, and social trust. This paper argues that the political elite’s focus on securing power at all costs leads to heightened tensions, further entrenching patronage politics and affecting development outcomes. The paper concludes by suggesting reforms aimed at strengthening Nigeria’s electoral system, enhancing transparency, and promoting political accountability to mitigate the frequency and impact of inconclusive elections. This analysis contributes to understanding the intersection of political instability, electoral integrity, and economic governance in Nigeria, offering insights into the challenges of consolidating democracy in a complex, diverse, and highly competitive political environment.