Beyond Complexity: Exploring a Basic Type 2 Lever's Role in Ancient Monolith Movement

Abstract

The methods employed by ancient civilizations for the transportation of massive monoliths have been a subject of extensive debate, considering the limitations imposed by available materials and technologies. Despite these constraints, fundamental principles governing human biomechanics and mechanical structures have remained consistent over time. In this study, we undertake an analysis of four-bar mechanisms, type two levers, and the physical constraints of laborers to shed light on the plausibility of a device proposed by Boles and Morris [3]. The device presented by Boles and Morris, depicted in Figure 1, harnesses the advantageous characteristics of a Second-Class lever, strategically positioning the pivot against the ground. This configuration utilizes the friction between the support timber and the ground to establish a stable pivot position [4]. A rope, affixed to the farthest point of the timber, facilitates the transmission of force exerted by the operator to the effort position of the lever. The load's position determines the point at which the section of rope connected to the A-frame timber applies force to the monolith. A noteworthy advantage of this system is that the operator is only required to exert effort during the initial half of the entire movement; the subsequent half of the monolith's motion is propelled by gravity, naturally guiding it back to the ground. Our analysis delves into the mechanical intricacies of this proposed device, considering its viability in the context of transporting monumental structures. By examining the interplay between the lever, pivot, and applied force, we aim to provide insights into the feasibility and efficiency of this ancient transport mechanism. Moreover, we discuss the implications of this discovery for understanding the technological prowess of ancient civilizations, highlighting the ingenuity with which they navigated the constraints of their time.