EXAMINING LEGAL FRAMEWORKS AND VICTIMOLOGY PERSPECTIVES IN ADDRESSING BULLYING CRIMES AGAINST PERSONS WITH DISABILITIES: A CASE STUDY OF WEST LOMBOK REGENCY
Abstract
This study investigates the legal safeguards for victims of bullying crimes, both through social media channels and direct encounters, with a particular focus on persons with disabilities. While legal responses to bullying incidents typically center on prosecuting the perpetrators, this research sheds light on the often-overlooked rights of victims, specifically those with disabilities. The analysis reveals that bullying against persons with disabilities is influenced by factors stemming from family dynamics, school environments, peer groups, societal norms, the media, television, and individual personality traits. The existing criminal justice system in Indonesia, lacking specific regulations addressing bullying, relies on the general criminal code, particularly concerning defamation. Unfortunately, victims with disabilities are often relegated to passive objects, with their rights disregarded. The legal protection afforded to them primarily hinges on Indonesian Criminal Code Article 310 paragraphs (1) and (2) and Law Number 19 of 2016, amending Law Number 11 of 2008 on Information and Electronic Transactions, particularly Article 27 paragraph (3) and Article 145. Additionally, a victimology perspective analysis categorizes victims of bullying crimes against persons with disabilities as biologically weak victims, emphasizing their vulnerability due to physical conditions. The findings offer significant insights for scholars and practitioners seeking a comprehensive understanding of the challenges faced by victims and the legal implications within the Indonesian context.
Keywords:
Victimology, bullying crimes, victims, disability, Indonesia, legal frameworksDownloads
Published
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10148597Issue
Section
How to Cite
References
Adriany, V. (2019). i dont want to play with the barbie boy: Understanding gender-based bullying in a kindergarten in Indonesia. International Journal of Bullying Prevention, 1(4), 246-254. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s42380-019 -00046-2
Agnew, R. (2016). A theory of crime resistance and susceptibility. Criminology, 54(2), 181-211. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/1745-9125.12104
Agustin, C. M. (2019). Breaking out of the glassbox: Employee responses to disability inclusion in the workforce in Thailand. International Journal of Business and Economic Affairs, 4(2), 85-93. doi:https://doi.org/10.24088/ ijbea-2019-42004
Alhaboby, Z. A., al Khateeb, H. M., Barnes, J., & Short, E. (2016). The language is disgusting and they refer to my disability: The cyberharassment of disabled people. Disability & Society, 31(8), 1138-1143. doi:https://doi.org/ 10.1080/09687599.2016.1235313
Anugrahadi, A. (2017). Bullying happens, is Gunadarma campus disability friendly? Retrieved from https://bit.ly/ 3f4siXu
Astuti, P. R. (2008). Reducing bullying: 3 effective ways to tackle violence against children. Jakarta, Indonesia: Grasindo.
Blomqvist, K., Saarento-Zaprudin, S., & Salmivalli, C. (2020). Telling adults about one’s plight as a victim of bullying: Student-and context-related factors predicting disclosure. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 61(1), 151–159. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/sjop.12521
Bowes, L., Aryani, F., Ohan, F., Haryanti, R. H., Winarna, S., Arsianto, Y., ... Kristianto, Y. (2019). The development and pilot testing of an adolescent bullying intervention in indonesia–the ROOTS Indonesia program. Global Health Action, 12(1), 65-69. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/16549716.2019.1656905
Ceccato, V. (2016). Public space and the situational conditions of crime and fear. International Criminal Justice Review, 26(2), 69-79. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1057567716639099
Dikdik, M. A. M. S., & Gultom, E. (2008). Urgency crime victim protection between norm and reality. Jakarta, Indonesia: King Grafindo.
Emerson, E., Aitken, Z., Badland, H., Fortune, N., Green, C., & Rachele, J. N. (2021). Social and environmental determinants of the health of people with disabilities. In Handbook on ageing with disability. Routledge.
Garland, J., & Hodkinson, P. (2014). F** king freak! What the hell do you think you look like? Experiences of targeted victimization among goths and developing notions of hate crime. British Journal of Criminology, 54(4), 613-631. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azu018
Gosita, A. (1989). Child protection issues. Jakarta, Inodnesia: Presindo Academy.
Hinduja, S., & Patchin, J. W. (2007). Offline consequences of online victimization: School violence and delinquency. Journal of School Violence, 6(3), 89–112. doi:https://doi.org/10.1300/J202v06n03_06
Kocaturk, F. (2019). Educational activities for disabled adults. International Journal of Humanities, Arts and Social Sciences, 5(4), 138-144. doi:https://dx.doi.org/10.20469/ijhss.5.20002-4
Lievense, P., Vacaru, V., Liber, J., Bonnet, M., & Sterkenburg, P. (2019). Stop bullying now! Investigating the effectiveness of a serious game for teachers in promoting autonomy-supporting strategies for disabled adults: A randomized controlled trial. Disability and Health Journal, 12(2), 310–317. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.dhjo.2018.11.013
Mansur, D. M. A., & Gultom, E. (2007). The urgency of protecting crime victims: Between norms and reality. Jawa Barat, Indonesia: Raja Grafindo Persada.
Molina, K. (2016). Indonesian electronic information and transactions law amended. Retrieved from https://bit.ly/ 3yTjf3u
National Commission of Violence Against Women. (2019). Komnas perempuan independent report to the cedaw committee, 2016 regarding the implementation of the convention on the elimination of all forms of discrimination against women in Indonesia,2012-2016. Retrieved from https://bit.ly/3yY7pW2
Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. (n.d.). Declaration of basic principles of justice for victims of crime and abuse of power. Retrieved from https://bit.ly/3swiuLy
Sittichai, R., & Smith, P. K. (2015). Bullying in south-east Asian countries: A review. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 23, 22-35. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2015.06.002
Soekanto, S., & Mamudji, S. (2012). Normative legal research short review. Jakarta, Indonesia: Rajawali Press.
Sucipto. (2012). Bullying and efforts to minimize it. PSIKOPEDAGOGIA Journal of Guidance and Counseling, 1(1), 2-9. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.12928/psikopedagogia.v1i1.2566
Tempo.Co. (2018). Three bullies in gunadarma university suspended for one year. Retrieved from https://bit.ly/ 3ySTqRi
The Republic of Indonesia. (2006). Law of The Republic of Indonesia number 13 of 2006. Retrieved from https://bit.ly/ 3gagG5Q
The Republic of Indonesia. (2016a). Law no. 19 of 2016 on the amendment to law no. 11 of 2008 on electronic information and transactions. Retrieved from https://bit.ly/3jYamQ5
The Republic of Indonesia. (2016b). Law of The Republic of Indonesia number 8 of 2016. Retrieved from https://bit.ly/ 3yVB16n
Wicaksana. (2008). They say I am crazy: Reflection of cases in psychiatry and mental health problems in Indonesia. Yogyakarta, Indonesia: Kanisius.
Zych, I., Farrington, D. P., & Ttofi, M. M. (2019). Protective factors against bullying and cyberbullying: A systematic review of meta-analyses. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 45, 4-19. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.avb.2018.06.008
