DARK MATTER CAN BE REVEALED INSIDE THE EARTH BY STRING THEORY
Abstract
Applying the original String theory (ten-dimensional spacetime theory) to solve the problem of dark matter. According to “Causality Principle” and “Anthropic Principle”, the universe may be divided into triple cosmoses, and dark matter should be considered as stars or planets in space other than ours. The best method for exploring dark matter is to start from Earth. According to the characteristics of the Earth’ interior, by equitably examining its constitution, temperature, density, and pressure from a different perspective of the core, special arguments are put forward. The great amounts of heat produced from radiogenic heat, chemical reaction heat, and nuclear fission heat become the power sources for the geo-dynamo of great convection cells, which are the flows of magma and rock migrating up to the crust and down across the core-mantle boundary (CMB) to the F layer. Based on the new conception, Earth data are calculated and compared with current data. Insufficient mass and moment of inertia belong to dark matter. Apply a simplified method to evaluate the Earth's mass and moment of inertia, which were found to be only 85.73% and 94.82% of the current data, respectively. Due to the insufficiency of the Earth's data, a planet of dark matter, which is inside the Earth but other space than ours, has been calculated. The new conception may be confirmed by the Chandler wobble, and the problem of dark matter can be roughly solved
Keywords:
Dark matter, Multiverse, Density jump, Convection cell, Chandler wobble.Downloads
Published
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13982835Issue
Section
How to Cite
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Hsien-Jung Ho
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
References
Zwicky, F. (1937). On the Masses of Nebulae and of Clusters of Nebula. Astrophysical Journal, 86: 217.
Bartusiak, M. (1988). Wanted: Dark Matter, Discover, Dec., 63-69.
Stsrobinskii A. A. & Zel'dovich, Z. B. (1988). Quantum Effects in Cosmology, Nature, 331: 25.
Riess Adam G. et al. (High-z Supernova Search Team) (1998). Observational Evidence from Supernovae for an Accelerating Universe and a Cosmological Constant. Astronomical J. 116 (3): 1009-1038.
Perlmutter, S.; Aldering; Goldhaber; Knop; Nugent; Castro; Deustua; Fabbro; Goobar; Groom; Hook; Kim; Kim; Lee; Nunes; Pain; Pennypacker; Quimby; Lidman; Ellis; Irwin; McMahon; Ruiz‐Lapuente; Walton; Schaefer; Boyle; Filippenko; Matheson; Fruchter; et al. (1999). Measurements of Omega and Lambda from 42 High-Redshift Supernovae. Astrophysical Journal, 517 (2): 565-586.
Planck Collaboration: Aghanim, N. et al. (2020). Planck 2018 results. VI. Cosmological parameters. Astronomy & Astrophysics, 641(A6): 7, Table 1. Base-ɅCDM cosmological parameters from Planck TT, TE, EE + lowE + lensing, Plik best fit.
Scherk, J. & Schwarz, J. H. (1975). Dual field theory of quarks and gluons, Physics Letters, B, 57:463- 466.
Siegfried, T. (1999). Hidden Space Dimensions May Permit Parallel Universes, Explain Cosmic Mysteries. The Dallas Morning News, 5 July.
Dvali, G. (2004). Out of the Darkness, Scientific American, February, 68-75.
Guth, A. H. (1982). Fluctuation in the New inflationary, Physical Review Letters, 49 (15): 1110–1113.
Everett, Hugh, (1957). Relative State Formulation of Quantum Mechanics. Reviews of Modern Physics. 29: 454-462.
Byrne, P. (2008). The Many Worlds of Hugh Everett, Scientific American, on October 21.
Creager, K. C. & Jorden, T.H. (1986). A spherical structure of the core-mantle boundary from PKP travel time, Geophysics. Res. Lett., 13: 1497-1500.
Morelli, A. & Dziewonski, M. (1987). Topography of the core-mantle boundary and lateral homogeneity of the liquid core, Nature, 19, Feb., 325: 678-683.
Jeanloz, R. (1990). The Nature of the Earth's Core, Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 18: 357-386.
Dziewonski, A.M. & Anderson, D. L. (1981). Preliminary Reference Earth Model, Phsy. Earth Planet, Inter., 25, 297-356.
Ramsey, W. H. (1948). On the constitution of the terrestrial planets, Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc., 108: 406-413.
Lyttleton, R.A. (1973). The end of the iron-core age, Moon, 7: 422-439. [24].
Knopoff, F. (1965). A preeminent seismology, Phys. Rev., 138 (A): 1445.
Buchbinder, G. G. R. (1968). Properties of the Core-Mantle Boundary and Observations of PcP, J. Geophys. Res., 73: 5901.
Agnew, D., Berger, J., Buland, R., Farrell w. & Gilbert, F. (1976). International Deployment of Accelerometers: a network for very long period seismology, EOS, Trαns. Am. Geophys. Union, 57: 180-188.
Peterson, J., Butler, H. M., Holcomb, L. G. & Hutt, C. R. (1976). Seismic research observatory, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am. 66: 2049-2068.
Doornbos, D.J. & Hilton, T. (1989). Models of the core-mantle boundary and the travel times of internally reflected core phases, J. Geophys. Res., 94 (B11): 15,741-15,751.
Forte, A. M. & Peltier, R. W. (1991). Mantle convection and core-mantle boundary topography: Explanations and implications, Tectonophysics, 187 (1-3): 91-116.
Neuberg, J. & Wahr, J. (1991). Detailed investigation of a spot on the core mantle boundary using digital PcP data, Phys. Earth planet. Inter., 68: 132-143.
Rodgers, A. & Wahr, J. (1993). Inference of core-mantle boundary topography from ISC PcP and PKP travel times. Geophys. J. Int. 115: 991-1011.
Obayashi, M. & Fukao, Y. (1997). P and PcP travel time tomography for the core-mantle Boundary. J. Geophys. Res., 102: 17825-17841.
Boschi, L. & Dziewonski, A. M. (1999). High- and low- resolution images of the Earth’s mantle: Implications of different approaches to tomographic modeling, J. Geophys. Res., 104 (B11): 25567- 25594.
Boschi, L. & Dziewonski, A. M. (2000). Whole Earth tomography from delay times of P, PcP, and PKP phases lateral heterogeneities in the outer core or radial anisotropy in the mantle? J. Geophys. Res., 105: 13675-13696.
Garcia, R. & Souriau, A. (2000). Amplitude of the core-mantle boundary topography estimated by stochastic analysis of core phases. Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., 117: 345-359.
Sze, E.K.M. & van der Hilst, R. D. (2003). Core Mantle Boundary Topography from Short Period PcP, PKP and PKKP data, Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, 135: 27-46.
Yoshida, M. (2008). Core-mantle boundary topography estimated from numerical simulations of instantaneous flow. Geochem. Geophys. Geosys. 9 (7).
Soldati, G., Koelemeijer, P., Boschi, L. & Deuss, A. (2013). Constraints on core-mantle boundary topography from normal mode splitting: Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. 14.
Soldati, G., Boschi, L., Mora, S. D. & Forte, A. M. (2014). Tomography of core-mantle boundary and lowermost mantle coupled by geodynamics: joint models of shear and compressional velocity, Annals of Geophysics, 6: 57.
Young, C. J. & Lay, T. (1987). The core-mantle boundary, Ann. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci., 15: 25-46.
Ruff, L. Anderson, D. L. (1980). Core formation, evolution, and convection: A geophysical model, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., 21: 181-201.
Bloxham, J. & Jackson, A. (1990). Lateral temperature variations at the core-mantle boundary deduced from the magnetic field, Physical Review Letters, 17 (11): 1997-2000.
Lay, T. (1989). Structure of the Core-Mantle Transition Zone: A Chemical and Thermal Boundary Layer, EOS, Jan., 70(4): 24, 49, 54-55, 58-59.
Gubbins, D. & Richards, M. A. (1986). Coupling of the core dynamo and mantle: Thermal or Topography? Physical Review Letters, 13: 1521-1524.
Morgan, W.J. (1971). Convection plumes in the lower mantle: Nature, 230: 42-43.
Morgan, W.J. (1972). Deep mantle convection plumes and plate motions, Bull. Am. Assoc. Pet. Geol., 56: 203-213.
Hand, E. (2015). Mantle plumes seen rising from Earth’s core, Science, 349 (6252): 1032-1033.
Van Schmus, W. R. (1995). Natural radioactivity of the crust and mantle, Global Earth Physics: A Handbook of Physical Constants, 283-291.
Kerr, R. A. (1997). Deep-Sinking Slabs Stir the Mantle. Science. Retrieved 2013-06-13.
Mjelde, R. & Faleide, J. I. (2009). Variation of Icelandic and Hawaiian magmatism: evidence for co-pulsation of mantle plumes? Mar. Geophys. Res., 30: 61-72.
Mjelde, R. Wessel, P. & Müller, D. (2010). Global pulsations of intraplate magmatism through the Cenozoic. Lithosphere, 2 (5): 361-376.
Knittle, E. & Jeanloz, R. (1991). The high-pressure phase diagram of Fe0.94O: A possible constituent of the Earth's core, J. Geophysics Res., 96: 16169-16180.
Kubala, Bizy, & Mahan Rao, (1996). Earth's Core Temperature. Byrdand Black.
Condie, Kent C. (1997). Plate tectonics and crustal evolution (4th Ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann, p. 5.
Fiquet, G., Auzende, A. L., Siebert, J., Corgne, A., Bureau, H., Ozawa, H. & Garbarino, G. (2010). Melting of peridotite to 140 gigapascals. Science, 329: 1516-1518.
Young, C.J. & Lay, T. (1987). The core-mantle boundary, Ann. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci., 15: 25-46.
Jeanloz, R. & Wenk, H. R. (1988). Convection and anisotropy of the inner core, Geophysics. Res. Lett. 15: 72-75.
Singh, S. C., Taylor, M. A. J. & Montagner, J. P. (2000). On the presence of liquid in Earth’s inner core. Science, 287: 2471-2474.
Bergman, M. I. (2003). Solidification of the Earth’s core, in Earth’s Core: Dynamics, Structure, Rotation, Geodyn. Ser., 105-127.
Shimizu, H., Poirier J. P. & Le Mouël, J. L. (2005). On crystallization at the inner core boundary. Phys. Earth Planet. Inter. 151: 37-51.
Waszek, L. & Deuss, A. (2015a). Observations of exotic inner core waves, Geophys. J. Int., 200 (3): 1636-1650.
Pejić, T. & Tkalčić, H. (2016). Toward attenuation tomography of the uppermost inner core from PKP waves, Geophysical Research Abstracts, 18: EGU 2016-1605.
Jeffreys, H. (1939). The times of the core waves, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. Geophys. Suppl., 4: 498.
Bolt, Bruce A. (1972). The density distribution near the base of the mantle and near the Earth’s center, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., 5: 301-311.
Qamar, A. (1973). Revised velocities in the Earth’s core, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 63: 1073- 1105.
Cormier, V. F. (2009). A glassy lowermost outer core. Geophys. J. Int., 179: 374-380.
Souriau, A. & Poupinet, G. (1991). The velocity profile at the base of the liquid core from PKP (BC + Cdiff) data: An argument in favor of radial inhomogeneity, Geophys. Res. Lett., 18: 2023-2026.
Zou, Z., Koper, K. D. & Cormier, V. F. (2008). The structure of the base of the outer core inferred from seismic waves diffracted around the inner core, J. Geophys. Res., 113: B05314.
Cormier, V. F., Attanayake, J. & He, K. (2011). Inner core freezing and melting constraints from seismic body waves. Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., 188: 163-172.
Rial, J. A. & Cormier, V. F. (1980). Seismic waves at the Epicenter's antipodes, J. Geophys. Res., 91: 10203-10228.
Cormier, V. F. (1981). Short-period PKP phases and the inelastic mechanism of the inner core, Phys. Earth Plant Inter. 24: 291-301.
Choy, G. L. & Cormier, V. F. (1983). The structure of the inner core inferred from short-period and broad-band GDSN data, Geophys. J. R. Astr. Soc., 72: 1-21.
Song, X. & Helmberger, D. V. (1995). A P wave velocity model of earth's core, J. Geophys. Res., 100 (B7): 9817-9830.
Kennett, B. L. N., Engdahl, E. R. & Buland, R. (1995). Constraints on seismic velocities in the Earth from travel times, Geophys. J. Int., 122: 108- 124.
Yu, W., Wen, L. & Niu, F. (2005). Seismic velocity structure in the Earth’s outer core, J. Geophys. Res., 110: B02302.
Bullen, K. E. & Bolt, B. A. (1986). An Introduction to the Theory of Seismology, 4th Ed., Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomy Soc., 86 (1): 215-216.
Sumita, I. & Olson, P. (1999). A laboratory model for convection in Earth’s core driven by a thermally heterogeneous mantle. Science, 286: 1547-1549.
Sumita, I. & Olson, P. (2002). Rotating thermal convection experiments in a hemispherical shell with heterogeneous boundary heat flux: implications for the Earth’s core. J. Geophys. Res., 107: 2169.
Aubert, J., Amit, H., Hulot, G. & Olson, P. (2008). Thermochemical flows couple the Earth’s inner core growth to mantle heterogeneity, Nature, 454: 758-762.
Bolt, Bruce A. & Qamar, A. (1970). Upper bound to the density jump at the boundary of the Earth's inner core, Nature, 228: 148-150.
Souriau, A. & Souriau, M. (1989). Ellipticity and density at the inner core boundary from subcritical PKiKP and PcP data, Geophysics. J. Int., 98: 39-54.
Shearer, P. & Masters, G. (1990). The density and shear velocity contrast at the inner core boundary, Geophysics. J. Int., 102: 491-498.
Waszek, L. & Deuss, A. (2015b). Anomalously strong observations of PKiKP/PcP amplitude ratios on a global scale, J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth, 120.
Jeanloz, R. & Ahrens, T. J. (1980). Equations of FeO and CaO, Geophysics. J. R. Astr. Soc., 62: 505- 528.
McQueen, R. G., Marsh, S. P., Taylor, J. W., Fritz, J. N. & Carter, W. J. (1970). The equation of state of solids from shock wave studies, in high velocity impact phenomena, Kinslow, R., Academic Press, New York, 294-419.
Hall, T.H. & Murthy, V. R. (1972). Comments on the Chemical Structure of a Fe-Ni-S Core of the Earth, EOS. 53 (5): 602.
Derr, J.S. (1969). Internal Structure of the Earth Inferred from Free Oscillations, J. Geophys. Res., 74: 5202-5220.
Bloxham, J. & Gubbins, D. (1987). Thermal core-mantle interactions. Nature, 325: 511-513.
McFadden, Phillip L. & Merrill, R. T. (1995). History of Earth's magnetic field and possible connections to core-mantle boundary processes. J. Geophys. Res., 100: 307-316.
Woodhouse, J. H. & Dziewonski, A. M. (1989). Seismic modeling of the Earth's large-scale three-dimensional structure, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. A 328, 291-308.
Anzellini, S., Dewaele, A., Mezouar, M., Loubeyre, P. & Morard, G. (2013). Melting of Iron at Earth’s Inner Core Boundary Based on Fast X-ray Diffraction, Science, 340 (6131): 464-466.
Gubbins, D., Masters, T.G. & Nimmo, F. (2008). A thermochemical boundary layer at the base of Earth’s outer core and independent estimate of core heat flux, Geophys. J. Int., 174: 1007-1018.
Altshuler, L.V. & Sharipdzhanov, L. V. (1971). On the distribution of iron in the Earth, the chemical distribution of the latter. Bull. Acad. Sci. USSR Geophys. Ser. 4: 3-16.
Alboussière, T., Deguen, R. & Melzani, M. (2010). Melting-induced stratification above the Earth’s inner core due to convective translation. Nature, 466: 744-747.
Derr, J.S. (1969). Internal Structure of the Earth Inferred from Free Oscillations, J. Geophysics Res., 74: 5202-5220.
Kaula, W. M., Sleep, N. H. & Phillips, R. J. (1989). More about the Moment of Inertia of Mars, Geophysical Research Letters, 16 (11): 1333-1336.
Ahrens, T. J. (1980). Dynamic Compression of Earth Materials, Science, 207: 1035.
Ringwood, A.E. (1984). The Earth's Core: its composition, formation and bearing upon the origin of the Earth, Proc. R. Soc. A, 395: 1-46.
Jephcoat, A. & Olson, P. (1987). Is the Inner Core of the Earth Pure Iron? Nature, 325: 332-335.
Chandler, S. C., 1891. On the variation of latitude, Astronom. J. 11, 59-61, 65-70.
Gross, Richard S. (2000). The Excitation of the Chandler Wobble, Geophysical Research Letters, 27 (15): 2329-2332.
Stokes, G.M. & Michalsky, J. J. (1979). Cygnus X-1, Mercury 8: 60.
Casertano, S., Iben, I. & Shilds, A. (1993). The Hyades Cluster-Supercluster Connection: Evidence for a Local Concentration of Dark Matter, Astrophysical Journal, Part 1, 410: 90-98.
Brady, Joseph L. (1971). The orbit of Halley’s Comet and apparition of 1896, Astronom. J. 76 (8): 728-739.
Brady, Joseph L. (1972). The Effect of Trans-plutonian Planet on Halley’s Comet. Publication of the Astronom. Soc. Pacific, 34 (498): 314-322.
Flandern, T. V. (1981). The renewal of the Trans-Neptunian planet search, Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society, 12: 830.
Anderson, John, (1988). Planet X - Fact or Fiction? Planetary Report, 8 (4): 6-9.
