ENYIOKO , Ikechukwu Jacinta; BAYEFINE , Onaiyekan Robert. DEVELOPMENT AND UNDERDEVELOPMENT IN AFRICAN STATES: A CRITICAL EVALUATION OF HOW EUROPE UNDERDEVELOPED AFRICA. Top Journal of Public Policy and Administration (TJPPA), [S. l.], v. 12, n. 3, p. 18–29, 2025. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.16779499. Disponível em: https://zapjournals.com/Journals/index.php/tjppa/article/view/2341. Acesso em: 8 sep. 2025.