Enyioko , Ikechukwu Jacinta, and Onaiyekan Robert Bayefine. “DEVELOPMENT AND UNDERDEVELOPMENT IN AFRICAN STATES: A CRITICAL EVALUATION OF HOW EUROPE UNDERDEVELOPED AFRICA”. Top Journal of Public Policy and Administration (TJPPA), vol. 12, no. 3, Aug. 2025, pp. 18-29, doi:10.5281/zenodo.16779499.