Enyioko , Ikechukwu Jacinta, and Onaiyekan Robert Bayefine. “DEVELOPMENT AND UNDERDEVELOPMENT IN AFRICAN STATES: A CRITICAL EVALUATION OF HOW EUROPE UNDERDEVELOPED AFRICA”. Top Journal of Public Policy and Administration (TJPPA) 12, no. 3 (August 8, 2025): 18–29. Accessed September 8, 2025. https://zapjournals.com/Journals/index.php/tjppa/article/view/2341.